Una nuova e rarissima specie di lichene psichedelico e' stata trovata nell'Amazzonia

[Monad]

New psychedelic species of lichen discovered: Dictyonema huaorani

In the spring of 1981, whilst we were engaged in ethnobotanical studies in eastern Ecuador, our attention was drawn to a most peculiar use of hallucinogens by the Waorani, a small isolated group of some 600 Indians. … Amongst most Amazonian tribes, hallucinogenic intoxication is considered to be a collective journey into the subconscious and, as such, is a quintessentially social event. … The Waorani, however, consider the use of hallucinogens to be an aggressive anti-social act; so the shaman, or ido, who desires to project a curse takes the drug alone or accompanied only by his wife at night in the secrecy of the forest or in an isolated house. …

Of particular botanical interest is the fact that this peculiar cultural practise involves hallucinogenic plants, one rarely used and one until now unreported. The Waorani have two hallucinogens: Banisteriopsisniun muricata and an as yet undescribed basidiolichen of the genus Dictyonema. The former is morphologically very similar to other commonly used … species such as ayahuasca, Banisieriopsis Caapi … On the other hand, no basidiolichen has yet been reported to be employed as a hallucinogen.

 

[Paolo]

Si dice che licheni sospetti d'essere psicoattivi crescano anche sulle Alpi, anche se non sono stati mai individuati.
Come diceva un po' di tempo fà il Samorini, la storia dei licheni psicotropi è ancora tutta da scrivere...

 

[Monad]

Piccola lista di licheni psicoattivi: Mushroom Observer: Species List: Psychoactive Lichen of the World (194) Da DMT-Nexus:

LICHEN Common name: Lichen on stones Pima name: Jievut hiawsik As no specimens could be procured, I was unable to obtain the botanical identification of lichen. However, I learned that "earth flower" is the translation of both the Pima and the Papago name. Mary Manuel introduced the subject by saying: "Men know more about this than I. The Pima men gather jievut hiawsik and carry it in their pockets to bring luck in killing game. The Maricopa are too superstitious to do that, for they fear if they carry the plant about too much, it will make them sick." This lichen, which has a strong odor, is the color of grey ashes and grows on rocks and dead wood in certain spots on the hills. It has more religious meaning than any other plant, and is smoked, mixed with tobacco, at the summer dances, when its distinctive odor is noticeable. Like marihuana, the smoking of jievut hiawsik "makes young men crazy." "The Pima believe that if they smoke this lichen they can get any woman they want, but this is just a superstition," explained George Webb. Isaac Howard described "earth flower" as being "reddish and white and different colors, and smells like violets." He says the lichen is ground into a powder which is not bound on sores or cuts, as it would produce blisters, but is sprinkled on the affected parts. Isaac told of a case where a girl, struck by a rattlesnake, was taken to a hospital and the wound was lanced by a doctor. As it did not heal, she returned home and my informant cured the wound by using the above remedy four times at intervals of several days. Another treatment, related by Mary Manuel, is to apply red coals, when the swelling begins, on wounds caused by snakes, scorpions, and black-widow spiders. (Excerpt from: By the Prophet of the Earth: Ethnobotany of the Pima By L.S.M. Curtin. Chapter: "The plants and their uses"

Wow this is fascinating! Going to be quoting from this link. - First up alkaloids in lichen reacting with natural and abundant chemicals in the body to produce THC like effects.

A. Shulgin wrote about this in PIHKAL. The chemicals in some lichens can react with essential oils in some natural products (i think he used orange juice as the example) to make synthetic THC: Ask Dr. Shulgin Online ARCHIVE: April 2, 2001 THC and Lichens Dear Dr. Shulgin: In PIHKAL you have mentioned that the chemicals obtained from lichens can easily be brought to react with certain essential oils from natural sources, to make synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol. Are there more detailed references to this process beyond what is in your book? –Tengu Dear Tengu: There certainly are! The tetrahydrocannabinol molecule from Cannabis can be viewed as a combination of two very different halves. The right half (as the structure is usually drawn) resembles the nucleus of many of the substituted benzene-ring containing components found throughout the lichen world. Isolation of these products can give the raw materials that can be converted to the compound olivetol, a simple amyl-substituted resorcinol compound. The left half is a terpene which contains ten carbon atoms, and which is substantially identical to the essential oil, pulegone. This component makes up some 80 to 90% of the Oil of Pennyroyal. The fusion of these two materials has been shown (Claussen et al., Tetrahedron Vol. 24 p. 2879 (196

), to produce several products, one of which is delta-3-THC. This is a close structural isomer of delta-9-THC, the principal active component of marijuana, and is known to be active in man. -- Dr. Shulgin

An unidentified pyrenocarpous lichen was used by the Denís of Amazonian Brazil as an recreational snuff (Prance 1972).

An unidentified saxicolous lichen was called Jievut hiawsik [lit. "Earth flower"] by the Pima of California. It was used as a good luck charm, and it was smoked for its narcotic effect (Curtin 1949).

This is very interesting. Apparently stronger than all of other known psychedelics such as mushrooms and DMT and peyote?? Hope this is a real, true account! It is from a 2006 issue of Vice Magazine.

"Stoned on Stones" "It was the most intense hallucinogenic experience that I've ever had, and I've done every trip there is," says Icelandic writer Smari Einarsson. "DMT, peyote...you name it. We have these magic mushrooms here that grow wild. I've eaten those more times thank I can count. They cannot even come close to the effect of these rocks." Volcanic rocks, which cover the Icelandic landscape, have been getting local kids high for five years now, ever since a local artist did a performance piece called Rock Soup. Jon Sigmundson's art piece was meant to make a commentary on Icelanders' high standard of living, which he believes relies on taking for granted third-world suffering. He made rock soup, he said in a written statement, to "try and live on nothing." The serendiptous discovery he made is that these rocks get you fuggin' wasted. It is actually the lichen that lives on the rocks that gets you off. You take a few stones, boil them in a pot of water, strain it all through a colander, and drink it down like tea. Some people add ginger and honey, but it has a nice taste undiluted. It's very earthy. People who have "taken stones," as it's called, share strikingly similar stories. "Trolls," says a young Icelandic girl who was interviewed at local Reykjavik bar Sirkus.She'll only give her first name, which is Essa. "Every time we do stones, we see the same group of trolls. They are no unkind, but they aren't overly friendly either," she says. "Mostly what they do is advise you. You always come away from a stones trip with a question that you had on your mind answered. You also the most vivd colors ever. It's like living in Fantasia!" PAUL LUP-TZE"

Wow! Thanks for bringing this to attention! edit: Also found an identified psychoactive lichen!

A novel species of Dictyonema was used by the Waorani as a hallucinogen. They called the lichen Ne/ne/ndape/ and used it in shamanistic rituals (Davis and Yost 1983).

ctyonema sp. HALLUCINOGEN Waorani Area: Eastern Ecuador Notes: last used ca. 1900, but formerly used in shamanistic ritual. Caused severe headaches and confusion. Very rare. Davis, EW; Yost, JA. 1983. Novel hallucinogens from eastern Ecuador. Botanical Museum Leaflets (Peabody Museum) 29 (3): 291-295.

This link has a section called "Uses of lichen by people" that lists a few snuffs and aphrodisiacs. Also some medicinal uses. Lots of them! Tons of incredible information on where lichens and peoples meet around the world -- super interesting. Part1

speaking of 'Novel' ideas and psychedelic Lichens, if anyone hasn't read "The Three Stigmata Of Palmer Eldritch" by P. K. Dick, i highly recommend it..the legendary Palmer Eldritch, first human to live with the indigenous Proxis, from the Proxima Centauri system, returns with a lichen..to the proxis it is like a form of tobacco, but when ingested by humans..well! (bit like high dose salvinorin) ..it threatens to take over from the dominant popular psychedelic called "CanD"..it is marketed as "ChewZ" by a consortium with the slogan "God promises you everlasting life, we deliver!"..one of the most 'entheogenic' novels ever written.. ..some further info on psychoactive lichens from Snu Voogenbreinder's Garden Of Eden, some of interest to Canadians.. - a yellow dead-tree lichen in Peru is said by the Lamista to be "associated with a snake, and singing it's icaro is said to act against witchcraft" - Parmelia conspersa (sacred to the Pima and Papago of s. Arizona and n.w. Mexico), effects described as similar to cannabis; - Parmelia molliuscula (Canadian Rocky Mountains) local native-americans used as narcotic; - Parmelia cirrhata & spp. (India) used to prepare drug 'chharila', an Ayurvedic aphrodisiac, analgesic & calmative - Nephroma articum ('Kidney Lichen', Alaska & w. Canada).."taken as an infusion to give strength to someone in a weakend state.." - - there are also some reports of a "highly intoxicating lichen-fortefied beer from Siberia and Russia" using Lobaria (or Sticta) pulmonaria, some similar lichens (Sticta, Lobaria) from North America Great Lakes region (growing on maple or hemlock trees) edible, used as a soup or tonic.. - a Dictyonema sp. (related to the lichenised tree fungus used by the Waorani of eastern Equador) contained 3-galactosyldiacylglycerides (glycolipids) [S. Voogenbreinder citing Sassaki et al 1999]; ..i can add that similar tree fungi are occasionally inhaled as an 'incense' by indigenous australians for medicinal/inebriating effects [personal comm., + P. Latz Bushfires and Bushtucker]

https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=18193 Da Bluelight:

A novel species of Dictyonema was used by the Waorani as a hallucinogen. They called the lichen Ne/ne/ndape/ and used it in shamanistic rituals (Davis and Yost 1983). An unidentified saxicolous lichen was called Jievut hiawsik [lit. "Earth flower"] by the Pima of California. It was used as a good luck charm, and it was smoked for its narcotic effect (Curtin 1949). In Mauritania, Parmelia paraguariensi is mixed with tobacco and smoked. It is also burned as an insect repellent and used as perfume (Lange 1957). An unidentified pyrenocarpous lichen was used by the Denís of Amazonian Brazil as an recreational snuff (Prance 1972). Parmotrema chinense, Parmotrema perforatum, and Everniastrum cirrhatum are all called Chharila in India and are used medicinally. They have also been used as an a snuff and as an aphrodisiac (Chandra and Singh 1971). Peltigera canina was used by the Southern Kwakiult as a love charm (Boas 1921, cited in Turner and Bell 1973). The Apache used Letharia vulpina to paint crosses on their feet so they could pass their enemies unseen (Sharnoff 1997) A species of Peltigera or Lobaria was called "Frog blanket" by the Gitksan of British Columbia, and because it was associated with frogs it was used in a spring bathing ritual to bring health and long life (Gottesfeld 1995 ). Letharia vulpina and Vulpicida pinastri have both been used to poison wolves in northern Europe (Sharnoff 1997; Uphof 1959) and Letharia vulpina may have also been used to make poison arrowheads by the Achomawi of California (Merriam 1967). Xanthoria parietina and Parmelia saxatilis are used in the ritual of well-dressing in England to make miniature scenes to decorate wells (Vickery 1975). The Secwepemc (Turner 199

, Nuxalk (Turner 199

, and Bella Coola (Turner 1973) all use Alectoria sarmentosa and Usnea spp. as false whiskers and artificial hair for decorating dance masks, and especially for children masquerading. Cladina stellaris has been harvested in large quantities in Scandinavia to use to make wreaths, floral decorations, and architect's models (Kauppi 1979). Usnea longissima was probably the original tinsel on Christmas trees in Northern Europe (Brodo et al. 2001). Lichens, especially Pseudevernia furfuracea, Evernia prunastri, and Lobaria pulmonaria, have been used in Europe to make perfumes and other cosmetics. They have also been used in tanning and in the manufacture of some chemicals.

Rock Blooms (Parmotrema menyamyaense) The approximately 10,000 people who live in the mid slopes of the Eastern Himalayas are primarily of the Adi, Buddhist and Mishmi tribes with ten sub tribes, the oldest known lineage of humans in the Northern Hemisphere. It is from their remarkable storehouse of knowledge that this mystical herb called "the blooms of rocks" now make their presence to modern civilization. Of all the marvelous species of fungi on earth, the lichens are perhaps the most fascinating of all. Several hundred million years ago, a most remarkable marriage took place between the vast kingdoms of algae and fungi. Lichens like this, were used by these tribesmen when challenged to live under the most extreme conditions, without food for long periods during winter. They used this amazing herb both as food for the body and drink for the mind. Usually ground into a smooth paste with hemp seeds, crushed with catnip, sage and rhodolia or just smoked as is, this ancient herb reportedly creates a deep sense of relaxation and well being while enhancing vision and relieving depression. Often used together with its companion herb, woodrose or ipomea (illegal to consume in many parts of the world), it reportedly makes the deeply meditative and insightful states of parmotrema more accessible, and activates the centered and inward focus of the meditation. Used together, they reportedly produce a much more productive time of contemplation, which is often followed by great insights and breakthroughs.

Lista bibliografica sull'utilizzo di licheni da parte dell'uomo:

"earth flower" MAGICAL PROPERTIES Maricopa Area: southwestern U.S. Notes: unidentified lichen; Pima and Papago names translate as "earth flower." Although Pima men carried in pockets to bring luck, Maricopa men were afraid that carrying it too much would make them sick. Curtin, LSM. 1984. Ethnobotany of the Pima (By the Prophet of the Earth). Univ. of Arizona Press. Page 77. "earth flower" MAGICAL PROPERTIES Pima Area: southwestern U.S. Notes: unidentified lichen; Pima and Papago names translate as "earth flower." Pima men carried in pockets to bring luck in killing game. Curtin, LSM. 1984. Ethnobotany of the Pima (By the Prophet of the Earth). Univ. of Arizona Press. Page 77. "earth flower" MAGICAL PROPERTIES Pima Area: southwestern U.S. Notes: unidentified lichen; Pima and Papago names translate as "earth flower." "This lichen, which has a strong odor, is the color of gray ashes and grows on rocks and dead wood in certain spots on the hills. It has more religious meaning than any other plant, and is smoked, mixed with tobacco, at summer dances, when its distinctive odor is noticeable. Like marajuana, the smoking of [it] 'makes young men crazy.' 'The pima believer that if they smoke this lichen they can get any women they want, but this is just a superstition,' explained George Webb." Curtin, LSM. 1984. Ethnobotany of the Pima (By the Prophet of the Earth). Univ. of Arizona Press. Page 77. "earth flower" MAGICAL PROPERTIES Pima Area: southwestern U.S. Notes: unidentified lichen; Pima and Papago names translate as "earth flower." Informant Isaac Howard described as being reddish and white and different colors, smelling like violets. Ground into a powder which is sprinkled on sores or cuts. Example: curing lanced rattlesnake bite that would not heal. Curtin, LSM. 1984. Ethnobotany of the Pima (By the Prophet of the Earth). Univ. of Arizona Press. Page 77.

Lichen Use, Sorted by Taxon